Namaskar Dosto,
In previous artical i discussed about The internetworking problem.For networking we also need IP addresses inspite of networking technology.What is IP address? This is the main concern of this artical.I will discuss something about IP address.
IP addresses:- For any host, computer on a TCP/IP network, a unique id (32 bits in IPv4) written as a collection of 4 decimal numbers (dotted quad) between 0 to 255.
Ex. IP address: 132.64.48.56. Every device must have a unique IP address. All devices pertaining to a common network must reflect a common network portion of address that must be registered with the Internet community provided by some Internet Service Provider (ISP)
IP address class:
Class A: 0 + 7 network ID bits + 24 host ID bits
Class B: 10 + 14 network ID bits + 16 host ID bits
Class C: 110 + 21 network ID bits + 8 host ID bits
Class D: 1110 + 28 multicast address bits
Address formats:
network. local.local.local (for class A IDs)
network.network.network.local (for class C IDs)
IP address of a device MAC address (physical ID)
MAC address is a permanently stamped address. IP address is stored in a configuration file in the local disk.
Subnets:
A single network may be split into a multiple networks for internal use but appear as a single network to outsider. This is the concept of subnets.
Subnet mask:- An address such that when added to network address (in bitwise-and) splits the address into network + subnet + host address.
e.g. IP address: 12.11.10.9 subnet mask 255.254.0.0
Since the leading bit begins with 0, it’s a Class A network with address 12.0.0.0
00001100 00001011 00001010 00001001 IP
+ 11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 Subnet
___________________________________________
00001100 00001010 | 00000000 00000000
Network is extended by 7 more bits. Therefore, this is subnet 10.
The remaining host part is 0.1.10.9 is the host address.
IP and subnet masks are often presented together in this format. e.g. Network address = 154.4.32.0 , subnet mask = 255.255.224.0. In this case, the network address can be written as 154.4.32.0/19
indicating subnet has 19 bits for the network portion of address, and has remaining 13 bits for host part.
Therefore, total number of subnets = -2 = 6
Total numbe of hosts per subnet =
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Classfull addresses waste a lot of addresses. Ideally, we could bunch similar network addresses together and reduce ARP table considerably. For a good example, see Tanenbaum
Some distinct networks:
a. 127.0.0.0 is used for loop-back address (typically in the form of 127.0.0.1)
b. When host address is either all 0s (4.2BSD) or all 1s (Unix OS standard), it’s considered a broadcast message.
c. For mobile objects, two addresses: Home address (permanent), and a care-of address. Used only for forwarding IP datagrams and admin functions. Higher layers never use them.
d. Care-of addresses two types: Foreign agent address, and Co-located care of address where mails are sent directly to the device on a foreign net.
TCP/IP includes a protocol suit ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) to map IP addresses to physical addresses by network administrators. The constructed table is called ARP cache.
RARP = Reverse Address resolution Protocol permits the inverse mapping from MAC to corresponding IP address. Hosts such as diskless workstations only knows their MAC addresses when booted but not their IP addresses. This must be obtained from an RARP server source. (RFC 903 for details).
Ok friends......i hope u get this artical.leave your comments.I need your support to share something useful.
Thanks for visiting.................
Showing posts with label Networking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Networking. Show all posts
The Internetworking Problem.....
Hello friends,
In this artical i will discuss internetworking problem.As we all know internet become a main part of everyone's life.Without it we suffer much in today.As a mca student it become my soul.What problem face by us during networking.I am here to discuss that major problem.
Problem:- How to interconnect different networks together?
Look into IP, TCP, end-to-end issues.
The Internetworking Problem. Many different networks.
Link heterogeneity issue. Single-link LANs do not scale well over hundreds of miles distances. LAN switching for unknown destination implies broadcasting, a poor scheme in large nets.
Link technology: LANs, point-to-point, Packet radio, wireless, satellites. An extremely heterogeneous community.
Challenge: Design a scalable network infrastructure that connects different types of smaller networks enabling packet flows between hosts across different nets.
Issues to reckon:
■ Addressing: Each net may have its own addressing approach. Ethernet uses 6-byte ID, Telephone uses 10-digit numbers.
Gateways:
Primarily a protocol converter. It interfaces distinct networks with different characteristics.
Two types: Translation GW, and Unified Network Layer.
Translation-based Gateways: translates packet headers and protocol from one network to another seamlessly.
Problems:
a. Feature deficiency: Not all features are “preserved” as one moves from one net to another. Not all features are supported by the translation.
b. Poor scalability: Translation = where is the number of networks connected. Untenable at large networks
Internet Design principles:
Identify key parameters (a small number) which must be preserved through translation. All hosts and networks must implement them. Check the seminal paper: “End-to-end arguments” http://www.reed.com/Papers/EndtoEnd.html
Universality principles:
U1. IP-over-everything. A standard network protocol IP would be used as Internet Protocol. Must have a standard well-defined addressing convention. Then scaling is not an issue.
U2. Best-effort service model. All packets are treated alike, if any gets lost address this at the end, not inside the network to recover it. (Increases scalbility and throughput)
U3. End-to-end arguments. Keeps the interior of the network as simple as possible. Move all controls for reliability, congestion control etc. at the end-hosts. TCP functionality removed from Gateways.
Robustness principle:
R1. Soft-state inside the network. Refresh soft-states such as Router tables as often as possible. Thus, even if it gets lost once in a while, it’s no big deal.
R2. Fate sharing. Even if a GW crashes, the end-to-end communication must continue. The GW state is a soft-state, and it shouldn’t share its fate with end-hosts.
R3. Conservative-transmission/Liberal reception. Be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you receive. What does a TCP sender do when it sees an ACK for a message it didn’t expect?
Weaknesses:-
Internet architecture has its own weaknesses.
■ Architecture relies heavily on the trustworthiness of end-systems. How does one build a trusted networks when hosts (or a subset of them) couldn’t be trusted?
■ Greedy sources aren’t handled well. TCP does a good job in sharing its bandwidth, but more and more traffic isn’t TCP
■ Security issues have been neglected
■ Administration and management tools are not all that matured
■ Incremental deployment. Not a fundamental problem, but ought to be recognized by every protocol designer.
■ Bandwidth and Latency: Link bandwidth would vary from net to net from bits/sec to Gb/sec. Latencies can be from μs to several secs.
■ Packet size: In general varies between networks
■ Loss rates & QoS: All networks vary considerably in these. These depend on traffic volume, congestion, service demands, …
■ Packet routing: Routing of packets may be handled differently by different nets.
The original TCP/IP (Cerf & Kahn).
■ Key idea. Gateways. Reject translation in favor of gateways.
■ IP over everything.
■ Standard packet header format
■ Gateways perform fragmentation, reassembly at end-hosts
■ TCP: Process-level communication via TCP, a reliable, in-order, byte-stream protocol. Original TCP did reassembly; now it’s done at the receiver. TCP and IP were tightly interwined originally, now they are separate.
■ How to launch/sustain/deliver multiple TCP between two processes? Original design didn’t consider this.
1. Use same IP packet for multiple TCP segments?
2. Use different IP packets for different segments?
■ 2 is simpler than 1. It’s easier to demux and out-of-order packets are difficult to handle in 1. Demux key is the port number of the receiving process.
■ Sliding window, cumulative ACK-based ARQ protocol.
■ Window-based flow control
■ Heavily dependent on connection setup and release scheme.
■Way off the mark on accounting issues
■One line summary
In this artical i will discuss internetworking problem.As we all know internet become a main part of everyone's life.Without it we suffer much in today.As a mca student it become my soul.What problem face by us during networking.I am here to discuss that major problem.
Problem:- How to interconnect different networks together?
Look into IP, TCP, end-to-end issues.
The Internetworking Problem. Many different networks.
Link heterogeneity issue. Single-link LANs do not scale well over hundreds of miles distances. LAN switching for unknown destination implies broadcasting, a poor scheme in large nets.
Link technology: LANs, point-to-point, Packet radio, wireless, satellites. An extremely heterogeneous community.
Challenge: Design a scalable network infrastructure that connects different types of smaller networks enabling packet flows between hosts across different nets.
Issues to reckon:
■ Addressing: Each net may have its own addressing approach. Ethernet uses 6-byte ID, Telephone uses 10-digit numbers.
Gateways:
Primarily a protocol converter. It interfaces distinct networks with different characteristics.
Two types: Translation GW, and Unified Network Layer.
Translation-based Gateways: translates packet headers and protocol from one network to another seamlessly.
Problems:
a. Feature deficiency: Not all features are “preserved” as one moves from one net to another. Not all features are supported by the translation.
b. Poor scalability: Translation = where is the number of networks connected. Untenable at large networks
Internet Design principles:
Identify key parameters (a small number) which must be preserved through translation. All hosts and networks must implement them. Check the seminal paper: “End-to-end arguments” http://www.reed.com/Papers/EndtoEnd.html
Universality principles:
U1. IP-over-everything. A standard network protocol IP would be used as Internet Protocol. Must have a standard well-defined addressing convention. Then scaling is not an issue.
U2. Best-effort service model. All packets are treated alike, if any gets lost address this at the end, not inside the network to recover it. (Increases scalbility and throughput)
U3. End-to-end arguments. Keeps the interior of the network as simple as possible. Move all controls for reliability, congestion control etc. at the end-hosts. TCP functionality removed from Gateways.
Robustness principle:
R1. Soft-state inside the network. Refresh soft-states such as Router tables as often as possible. Thus, even if it gets lost once in a while, it’s no big deal.
R2. Fate sharing. Even if a GW crashes, the end-to-end communication must continue. The GW state is a soft-state, and it shouldn’t share its fate with end-hosts.
R3. Conservative-transmission/Liberal reception. Be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you receive. What does a TCP sender do when it sees an ACK for a message it didn’t expect?
Weaknesses:-
Internet architecture has its own weaknesses.
■ Architecture relies heavily on the trustworthiness of end-systems. How does one build a trusted networks when hosts (or a subset of them) couldn’t be trusted?
■ Greedy sources aren’t handled well. TCP does a good job in sharing its bandwidth, but more and more traffic isn’t TCP
■ Security issues have been neglected
■ Administration and management tools are not all that matured
■ Incremental deployment. Not a fundamental problem, but ought to be recognized by every protocol designer.
■ Bandwidth and Latency: Link bandwidth would vary from net to net from bits/sec to Gb/sec. Latencies can be from μs to several secs.
■ Packet size: In general varies between networks
■ Loss rates & QoS: All networks vary considerably in these. These depend on traffic volume, congestion, service demands, …
■ Packet routing: Routing of packets may be handled differently by different nets.
The original TCP/IP (Cerf & Kahn).
■ Key idea. Gateways. Reject translation in favor of gateways.
■ IP over everything.
■ Standard packet header format
■ Gateways perform fragmentation, reassembly at end-hosts
■ TCP: Process-level communication via TCP, a reliable, in-order, byte-stream protocol. Original TCP did reassembly; now it’s done at the receiver. TCP and IP were tightly interwined originally, now they are separate.
■ How to launch/sustain/deliver multiple TCP between two processes? Original design didn’t consider this.
1. Use same IP packet for multiple TCP segments?
2. Use different IP packets for different segments?
■ 2 is simpler than 1. It’s easier to demux and out-of-order packets are difficult to handle in 1. Demux key is the port number of the receiving process.
■ Sliding window, cumulative ACK-based ARQ protocol.
■ Window-based flow control
■ Heavily dependent on connection setup and release scheme.
■Way off the mark on accounting issues
■One line summary
Packet switching
This article is about packet switching.Packet swiching is a type of switching.
Packet switching:-
Packet switching ia also similar to message switching but in this data is transmitted in the form of fixed size packets.Size vary from network to network.Machine recieve packets randomly but reciever reconstruct and rearrange by the use of sequence numbers.
In message switching entire message is load into route but in packet switching message divided and load one by one.packet switching is more fault tolerant than circuit switching.If switch goes down,all the circuits using it are termitted and no more traffic can be on any of them.
Advantage:-
1.Need of buffer is minimized.
2.Routing is alone on the packet basis hence the intermediate node need not to wait for the entire message.The total delay for the transmission across the network may be considerably less than message switching.
Packet switching:-
Packet switching ia also similar to message switching but in this data is transmitted in the form of fixed size packets.Size vary from network to network.Machine recieve packets randomly but reciever reconstruct and rearrange by the use of sequence numbers.
In message switching entire message is load into route but in packet switching message divided and load one by one.packet switching is more fault tolerant than circuit switching.If switch goes down,all the circuits using it are termitted and no more traffic can be on any of them.
Advantage:-
1.Need of buffer is minimized.
2.Routing is alone on the packet basis hence the intermediate node need not to wait for the entire message.The total delay for the transmission across the network may be considerably less than message switching.
Message switching
This article is about message switching which is a type of switching which i discussed in previous to previous article Switching.In this article we will discuss about message switching.
friends,
A message is logical unit of information which can be of any length.
Message switching:-
In message switching a message is tranmitted by intermediate channel & use store and forwarded technique.There is no need to dedicated path or establishment of connection in advance.Hence no wastage of time in connection establishment.Message are routed independently.In this switching route of same message can be different.
When the sender has block og data to be sent it is stored in the first switching office i,e router and then forwarded later,one hope at a time .Each block is recieved it entirely ,if any error then retransmit it.
Eg.The first electromagnetic communication uses msg switching as telegram.
The message is punched on tape(off-line) at sending office,and then read in and transmitted over a communication line to the next office along the way,where it was punched out on paper tape.
Advantage:-
1. No wastage of time in connection establishment.
2. Channel are used only when message are tranmitted.
Disadvantage:-
1. As there is no limit of length of the message hence there must be a buffer of an infinite size with intermediate machine for storing message.
2. Message is delayed at each of the intermediate node in recieving & queuing the message.
3. Poor security.
Friends we will discuss switching type packet switching in next article.
Thank you......
friends,
A message is logical unit of information which can be of any length.
Message switching:-
In message switching a message is tranmitted by intermediate channel & use store and forwarded technique.There is no need to dedicated path or establishment of connection in advance.Hence no wastage of time in connection establishment.Message are routed independently.In this switching route of same message can be different.
When the sender has block og data to be sent it is stored in the first switching office i,e router and then forwarded later,one hope at a time .Each block is recieved it entirely ,if any error then retransmit it.
Eg.The first electromagnetic communication uses msg switching as telegram.
The message is punched on tape(off-line) at sending office,and then read in and transmitted over a communication line to the next office along the way,where it was punched out on paper tape.
Advantage:-
1. No wastage of time in connection establishment.
2. Channel are used only when message are tranmitted.
Disadvantage:-
1. As there is no limit of length of the message hence there must be a buffer of an infinite size with intermediate machine for storing message.
2. Message is delayed at each of the intermediate node in recieving & queuing the message.
3. Poor security.
Friends we will discuss switching type packet switching in next article.
Thank you......
switching............(Circuit switching)
Friends,
This article is about circuit switching which is a type of switching.In previous article switching we discussed about switching and major type names.In this article we will discuss first type of switching i,e circuit switching.
Circuit switching:-
In a circuit switched network a dedicated circuit must first connected.Once the circuit has been "nailed up" ,transmission can begin.When the transmission is complete then the circuit is released for next transmission.ex. telephone switching is circuit switching.
Understand the concept by taking an example:-
let us make a call.When we dial a telephone number,then telephone company search its database to determine which circuit should be used to deliver the call.If it is a log distance call,the switch know it must connect to another telephone company office,where a switch called a tandem.Tandem use a circuit that connect it to another office.This process is continue untill there are circuit connected from orginator to the destination.
These circuit cannot be used further for any other call,this is dedicated to call untill call is complete.Once the call is complete,circuit can be released and used for another call.
A circuit switch network consist of set of switches connected by physical links,in which each link is divided into n channels.
There are three phases in circuit switching:-
1.Set up phase.
2.Data transfer phase
3. Tear down phase.
Set up phase:-When a system needs to communicate with another system b then a system a send request to system b for connection that must be accepted by all the switches as well as b itself.a circuit or channel defined the dedicated path.
Data transfer phase:-After the dedicated path made of connected circuit is established and data can be tranfered.
Tear down phase:-After all the data have been transfered,the circuits are tear down means released for another commuication.
some important points to be considered:-
1. circuit switching takes place at physical layer.
2. Before starting communication resources should be reserved which are needed during communication.These resources such as channel ,switch buffers,switch processing time ,input output ports must remains dedicated during entire duration of data transfer untill tear down phase arised.
3. The data should be sent in a flow from source to destination.
4.There is no addressing involve during data transfer.
Advantage of circuit switching:-
1.It is well suited for long elastic channels.
2.It is simple and not require extra facility.
Disadvantage of circuit switching:-
1. Delay in setting up a connection.
2. Resource remain allocated during full length of communication untill channel is released.this is wastage of channel capacity.
Friends,next type of switching is message switching which we will discuss in next article.
Thanks......stay in touch.
This article is about circuit switching which is a type of switching.In previous article switching we discussed about switching and major type names.In this article we will discuss first type of switching i,e circuit switching.
Circuit switching:-
In a circuit switched network a dedicated circuit must first connected.Once the circuit has been "nailed up" ,transmission can begin.When the transmission is complete then the circuit is released for next transmission.ex. telephone switching is circuit switching.
Understand the concept by taking an example:-
let us make a call.When we dial a telephone number,then telephone company search its database to determine which circuit should be used to deliver the call.If it is a log distance call,the switch know it must connect to another telephone company office,where a switch called a tandem.Tandem use a circuit that connect it to another office.This process is continue untill there are circuit connected from orginator to the destination.
These circuit cannot be used further for any other call,this is dedicated to call untill call is complete.Once the call is complete,circuit can be released and used for another call.
A circuit switch network consist of set of switches connected by physical links,in which each link is divided into n channels.
There are three phases in circuit switching:-
1.Set up phase.
2.Data transfer phase
3. Tear down phase.
Set up phase:-When a system needs to communicate with another system b then a system a send request to system b for connection that must be accepted by all the switches as well as b itself.a circuit or channel defined the dedicated path.
Data transfer phase:-After the dedicated path made of connected circuit is established and data can be tranfered.
Tear down phase:-After all the data have been transfered,the circuits are tear down means released for another commuication.
some important points to be considered:-
1. circuit switching takes place at physical layer.
2. Before starting communication resources should be reserved which are needed during communication.These resources such as channel ,switch buffers,switch processing time ,input output ports must remains dedicated during entire duration of data transfer untill tear down phase arised.
3. The data should be sent in a flow from source to destination.
4.There is no addressing involve during data transfer.
Advantage of circuit switching:-
1.It is well suited for long elastic channels.
2.It is simple and not require extra facility.
Disadvantage of circuit switching:-
1. Delay in setting up a connection.
2. Resource remain allocated during full length of communication untill channel is released.this is wastage of channel capacity.
Friends,next type of switching is message switching which we will discuss in next article.
Thanks......stay in touch.
Switching
Hello friends,
This article is about switching Before studying about switching we should know why we use switching.
Why we use switching
A network is a set of connected devices.Whenever we have multiple devices we have the problem of how to connect them to make one to one communication.
1. One sollution is to make point to point connection between each pair of device(star topology).
Disadvantage:-a)This is impractical and wasteful when apply to large network.
b) Length of links requires too much infrastructure.
c)costly.
2.Second solution is to make multipoint topology as bus.
Disadvantage:-Distance between devices and total number of devices increase beyond the capacity of media.
Thus only solution is switching.
Switching:- which is controlling and routing of signals in circuit to execute logical or arithmatic operations or to transmit data between specific points in a network is called switching.
switch:-
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called switches.
Switches are the devices capable of creating temperory connection between two or more devices linked to a switch.Some of these nodes are connected to end systems and others are used for routing.
Types of switching:-
1. Circuit switching.
2. Packet switching.
3. Message switching.
friends we will discuss circuit switching in next article............
thank you.
This article is about switching Before studying about switching we should know why we use switching.
Why we use switching
A network is a set of connected devices.Whenever we have multiple devices we have the problem of how to connect them to make one to one communication.
1. One sollution is to make point to point connection between each pair of device(star topology).
Disadvantage:-a)This is impractical and wasteful when apply to large network.
b) Length of links requires too much infrastructure.
c)costly.
2.Second solution is to make multipoint topology as bus.
Disadvantage:-Distance between devices and total number of devices increase beyond the capacity of media.
Thus only solution is switching.
Switching:- which is controlling and routing of signals in circuit to execute logical or arithmatic operations or to transmit data between specific points in a network is called switching.
switch:-
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called switches.
Switches are the devices capable of creating temperory connection between two or more devices linked to a switch.Some of these nodes are connected to end systems and others are used for routing.
Types of switching:-
1. Circuit switching.
2. Packet switching.
3. Message switching.
friends we will discuss circuit switching in next article............
thank you.
Components of Data Communication
This article about Components of Data Communication.In previous articleData Communication i discussed about Data communication and its required characteristics.
Components of Data Communication
Data Communication has five components.
It is the set of rules that govern data communication.it is agreement between devices.Without a protocol two devices may be connected but not communicated.Ex A person can speak French but it is not necessary he can understand Japanese.
Components of Data Communication
Data Communication has five components.
- Message:-
- Sender:-
- Reciever:-
- Transmission medium:-
- Protocol:-
It is information or data to be communicated.It can be text,picture,audio ,video etc.
sender is the device that sends the data message.It can be computer,telephone etc.
The reciever is the device that recieves the message.It also can be computer,television,workstation etc.
It is a physical path by which a message travels from sender to reciever.It can be twisted pair of wires,coxial cable & radio waves.
It is the set of rules that govern data communication.it is agreement between devices.Without a protocol two devices may be connected but not communicated.Ex A person can speak French but it is not necessary he can understand Japanese.
Data Communication
This article is about data communication.Before discussing about data communication we should know something about communication.
Friends,
communication means sharing of data.communication is of two types:
1.local communication.
2.Remote communication.
1.Local communication:-Local communication usually occurs face to face.
2. Remote communication:-Remote communication takes place over distance.It is also called telecommunication.The word telecommunication refers as tele means far, so tele communication means communication over distance.example telephone,television etc.
Data communication
Data communication is the exchange of data of transmission medium such as a wire cable.Data communication system depends on four fundamentals characterstics
These characterstics are:-
1. Delivery:- The data should deliver to correct destination.
2.Accuracy:- The system must deliver data accurately.incorrect data is useless.
3.Timeliness:-The system must deliver data in a timely manner.Late delivery is useless.In case of audio video timely delivery means delivered data when it is produced and without delay.This type of delivery is called real time transmission.
4.Jitter:-Jitter means packet arrival time.It is uneven delay in the delivery packets.Friends the component of data communication discuss in next article.
Thank you.
Friends,
communication means sharing of data.communication is of two types:
1.local communication.
2.Remote communication.
1.Local communication:-Local communication usually occurs face to face.
2. Remote communication:-Remote communication takes place over distance.It is also called telecommunication.The word telecommunication refers as tele means far, so tele communication means communication over distance.example telephone,television etc.
Data communication
Data communication is the exchange of data of transmission medium such as a wire cable.Data communication system depends on four fundamentals characterstics
These characterstics are:-
1. Delivery:- The data should deliver to correct destination.
2.Accuracy:- The system must deliver data accurately.incorrect data is useless.
3.Timeliness:-The system must deliver data in a timely manner.Late delivery is useless.In case of audio video timely delivery means delivered data when it is produced and without delay.This type of delivery is called real time transmission.
4.Jitter:-Jitter means packet arrival time.It is uneven delay in the delivery packets.Friends the component of data communication discuss in next article.
Thank you.
Introduction to Internet
This article is about history of Internet.As in today world without Internet no life.So my article is just about its history.
Friends,
What is Internet?
There is two word internet(small i) and Internet(capital I) have different meaning.
internet:-When two or more network communicate with each other that is called internet.
Internet:- It is a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks.
It comes in picture in 1969.In mid 1960s mainframe computers are alone standards devices.Computer from different manufacturers were unable to communicate.
Then ARPA=Advanced research project Agency
ACM=Association for computing Machinary in 1967 present an idea of APRANET.The idea was that each host computer connected to specialized computer called Interface message processor(IMP).The idea become reality in 1969 at university of California
Los Angeles(UCLA).
TCP:-Transmission control protocol
IP:Inter networking protocol
IP:-It handle datagram routing.
TCP:-It is responsible for higher functions such as segmentation , reassembly and error detection.
NOW the internet working protocol become TCP/IP.
Friends,
This is something about Internet.I will discuss more about networking soon.......
Thank you
Friends,
What is Internet?
There is two word internet(small i) and Internet(capital I) have different meaning.
internet:-When two or more network communicate with each other that is called internet.
Internet:- It is a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks.
It comes in picture in 1969.In mid 1960s mainframe computers are alone standards devices.Computer from different manufacturers were unable to communicate.
Then ARPA=Advanced research project Agency
ACM=Association for computing Machinary in 1967 present an idea of APRANET.The idea was that each host computer connected to specialized computer called Interface message processor(IMP).The idea become reality in 1969 at university of California
Los Angeles(UCLA).
TCP:-Transmission control protocol
IP:Inter networking protocol
IP:-It handle datagram routing.
TCP:-It is responsible for higher functions such as segmentation , reassembly and error detection.
NOW the internet working protocol become TCP/IP.
Friends,
This is something about Internet.I will discuss more about networking soon.......
Thank you
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